Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.Ī horizontal row in the periodic table. 126 Sn isotopes has half -life of 230,000 years.A vertical column in the periodic table. Tin also has 29 unstable isotopes with atomic masses from 99 to 137. The most abundant isotopes are 120Sn, 118 Sn and 116Sn, and least abundant isotope is 115Sn. The isotopes contain atomic masses of 112, 114 to 120, 122 and 124. Tin inhalation can cause problem such as nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and cramps. Mostly, using tin utensil can have adverse effects on health. Tin is non -toxic element but some compounds of tin are toxic in nature. It is used in various textiles industries.Tin is used in making various toothpaste.Tin salt sprays are used to produce electrically conductive coating on glass.Tin valve and piping is helpful in maintaining purity in water.Tin chromate is used as coloring agent for porcelain.Tin foil is also used to wrap candies tobacco etc.Tin powder is also used in the making of paper, inks and spray.Steel container plated with tin is used for preservation of food.Tin chloride is used as a powerful reducing agent.For the prevention of barnacles in ships and boats, tin compounds are used as anti-fouling (a compound that retards the growth of algae and marine organisms).Tin is helpful to coat other metals to prevent them from corrosion.Organic tin compounds are used as biocides and fungicides.Tin oxide is used for making ceramic bodies opaque.Tin is also used in the manufacturing of various alloys such as, bronze, pewter, phosphor bronze.Tin is used in alloys with lead as solders to attach metal wires with electrical devices.SnO 2 is amphoteric in nature and sulfides of tins exits in both +2 and +4 states. Sn (II) halides are SnF 2, SnCl 2, SnBr 2 and SnI 2. Tetrafluoride is polymeric (poly means many, mer means parts), and others compounds are volatile. Tin forms halides, Sn (IV) halides include, SnF 4, SnCl 4, SnBr 4 and SnI 4. Tin compounds usually occur in the divalent state (Sn 2+) and tetravalent state (Sn 4+). When oxygen is present in a solution, tin act as a catalyst in the chemical reaction. Tin reacts with halogens to form compounds like tin chloride and tin bromide. Tin does not react with dilute acids but is easily dissolved in concentrated acids. But with increase in temperature, tin reacts with oxygen and forms oxides. Tin is resistant to corrosion and at room temperature it is unaffected by water and oxygen. During winter, it changes from one allotropic form to another.
Tin produce a distinct sound, known as the ‘Tin cry’’ when it is bent. Its boiling point is very high, about 2260 0C. Tin melts at low temperature about 231 0 C. Tin has two allotropes forms: β-tin is silvery white soft metal, and at low temperature it transforms into less dense α- tin metal which is gray in color and has diamond cubic structure. Tin has atomic number 50 and its atomic weight is 118.69. Tin is used as oxidation resistant coating material due to its low melting point. Tin retains its color due to formation of stannic oxide protective film on the surface via reaction with oxygen of the air. Tin is soft, pliable and ductile in nature. Tin is found in the ‘’tin belt’’ which stretches from South China, Thailand, Burma to Malaysia and then Indonesia. Tin is not a native element, and mostly extracted from its ore Cassiterite (SnO 2), reduced with coal in a furnace. It is the 49 th most abundant element on Earth. Tin is present in igneous rocks of earth’s crust.
Tin was used in making toys in early 1800s. The symbol of Tin ‘’Sn’’ was derived from its Latin word Stannum. British scientist Robert Boyle published his experimental description on the oxidation of tin in 1673. Mediterranean peoples from British Isles (group of islands) were mining tin around 300-200 BC. Chinese mined tin in the province of Yunnan in about 700 BC. It was used for making flatware (tableware). After 600BC, Pewter purified metallic tin alloy which contained 85-90% tin and consisted of copper, antimony and lead. Tin has been used since ancient civilization, mostly in the form of alloy as early as 3000 BC. Tin belongs to the carbon family and is widely used in container to form protective layer. Tin has been known since ancient times, and has characteristics feature of superconductor.
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